THEORY

MOTIVE

Demonology (5,000 BC-1692 AD)

Demonic Influence

Astrology (3500 BC-1630 AD)

Zodiac/Planetary Influence

Theology (1215 BC-present)

God's will

Medicine (3000 BC -present)

Natural illness

Education (1642-present)

Academic underachievement/bad teachers

Psychiatry (1795-present)

Mental illness

Psychoanalysis (1895-present)

Subconscious guilt/defense mechanisms

Classical School of Criminology (1690--)

Free will/reason/hedonism

Positive School of Criminology (1840--)

Determinism/beyond control of individual

Phrenology (1770-1875)

Bumps on head

Cartography (1800-present)

Geographic location/climate

Mental Testing (1895-present)

Feeble-mindedness/retardation/low IQ

Osteopathy (1892-present)

Abnormalities of bones or joints

Chiropractics (1895-present)

Misalignment of spine/nerves

Imitation (1843-1905)

Mind on mind crowd influences

Economics (1818-present)

Poverty/economic need/consumerism

Case Study Approach (1909-present)

Emotional/social development

Social Work (1903-present)

Community/individual relations

Sociology (1908-present)

Social/environmental factors

Castration (1907-1947)

Secretion of androgen from testes

Ecology (1927-present)

Relation of person with environment

Transexualism (1937-1969)

Trapped in body of wrong sex

Psychosurgery (1935-1959)

Frontal lobe dysfunction/need lobotomy

Culture Conflict (1938-1980)

Conflict of customs from "old" country

Differential Association (1939-present)

Learning from bad companions

Anomie (1938-present)

State of normlessness/goal-means gap

Differential Opportunity (1961-present)

Absence of legitimate opportunities

Alienation (1938-1975)

Frustration/feeling cut off from others

Identity (1942-1980)

Hostile attitude/crisis/sense of sameness

Identification (1950-1955)

Making heroes out of legendary criminals

Containment (1961-1971)

Outer temptation/inner resistance balance

Prisonization (1940-1970)

Customs and folkways of prison culture

Gang Formation (1927-present)

Need for acceptance, status, belonging

Behavior Modification (1938-1959)

Reward/Punishment Programming

Social Defense (1947-1971)

Soft targets/absence of crime prevention

Guided Group Interaction (1958-1971)

Absence of self-responsibility/discussion

Interpersonal Maturity (1965-1983)

Unsocialized, subcultural responses

Sociometry (1958-1969)

One's place in group network system

Dysfunctional Families (1958-present)

Members "feed off" other's neurosis

White-collar Crime (1945-present)

Cutting corners/bordering on illegal

Control Theory (1961-present)

Weak social bonds/natural predispositions

Strain Theory (1954-present)

Anger, relative deprivation, inequality

Subcultures (1955-present)

Criminal values as normal within group

Labeling Theory (1963-1976)

Self-fulfilling prophecies/name-calling

Neutralization (1957-1990)

Self-talk, excuses before behavior

Drift (1964-1984)

Sense of limbo/living in two worlds

Reference Groups (1953-1978)

Imaginary support groups

Operant Conditioning (1953-1980)

Stimuli-to-stimuli contingencies

Reality Therapy (1965-1975)

Failure to face reality

Gestalt Therapy (1969-1975)

Perception of small part of "big picture"

Transactional Analysis (1961-1974)

No communication between inner parent-adult-child

Learning Disabilities (1952-1984)

School failure/relying on "crutch"

Biodynamics (1955-1962)

Lack of harmony with environment

Nutrition and Diet (1979-present)

Imbalances in mineral/vitamin content

Metabolism (1950-1970)

Imbalance in metabolic system

Biofeedback (1974-1981)

Involuntary reactions to stress

Biosocial Criminology (1977-1989)

Environment triggers inherited "markers"

The "New Criminology" (1973-1983)

Ruling class oppression

Conflict Criminology (1969-present)

Structural barriers to class interests

Critical Criminology (1973-present)

Segmented group formations

Radical Criminology (1976-present)

Inarticulation of theory/praxis

Left Realism (1984-present)

Working class prey on one another

Criminal Personality (1976-1980)

53 errors in thinking

Criminal Pathways Theory (1979-present)

Critical turning/tipping points in life events

Feminism (1980-present)

Patriarchial power structures

Low Self Control Theory (1993-present)

Impulsiveness, Sensation-seeking

General Strain Theory (1994-present)

Stress, Hassles, Interpersonal Relations