Program Evaluation*
Program
evaluation is the systematic collection of information about the activities,
characteristics, and outcomes of programs to allow informed judgments about
program improvement, program effectiveness, and decisions about future
programming. The three primary purposes of evaluation are program planning,
program development, and program accountability. There is a multitude of
evaluation study approaches, including complex, multi faceted approaches. A
recent article in New Directions for Evaluation listed twenty-two widely
used models.
Most commonly used by PEIS are formative evaluations conducted by internal
FSIS staff which are intended to assist program managers to refine and
improve their programs. "Process" evaluation aims to describe how the
program is actually functioning; "normative" evaluation aims to determine
the extent to which programs are implemented in the way they were meant to
be; and "outcome" or "impact" evaluation aims to assess what effect the
program had. Evaluators also use the terms "formative" versus "summative"
evaluation to refer to work that focuses on forming/planning/improving a
program, versus assessing the end result or summary effects of the program.
Formative evaluations are conducted during the development or ongoing
implementation of a program with the intent to improve the program. This
process evaluation describes the programs and its outcomes. In contrast,
summative evaluations are conducted on well-established programs to allow
policy makers to make major decisions on the future of the program.
Evaluation Questions
The type and complexity of an evaluation depends on the evaluation questions
it was designed to answer. For example, clients may ask one or more of the
following kinds of questions, requiring one or more approaches:
Program Planning Questions
What is the extent and distribution of the target population?
What are the needs of the population?
Is the program planned in such a way as to meet its goals?
Program Monitoring Questions
Is the program implemented in the ways specified?
Is the program reaching the intended target group?
What are the consequences of the program not being implemented as intended?
Impact Assessment Questions
Is the program effective in meeting its goals?
Are there exemplary cases of program implementation from which we can learn lessons?
What are the consequences of the program not reaching its intended goals?
Is the program having unanticipated effects?
What is the potential success of a proposed program?
What course of action has the best potential for success?
Economic Efficiency Questions
How much does the program cost?
What are its costs relative to its effectiveness? Is there a way to deliver the program in a more cost-effective manner?
What are anticipated future costs for the program?
Evaluation Approaches
Among the many evaluation approaches available to answer evaluation
questions such as those posed above are:
Case Study Evaluation
is a method for learning about a complex instance, based on a comprehensive
understanding obtained by extensive description and analysis. Most case
studies are intended to either illustrate findings obtained via other
techniques or an in-depth description of a critical instance of unique
interest. Case studies can also serve to explore new ideas for later
investigation; to investigate the operations of program operation; to
examine cause and effect conclusions in depth. Multiple case studies can be
used in a cumulative way to assess program effects.
Cost-Benefit and
Cost-Effectiveness Evaluations use economic methods to
assess relationships between costs and outcomes of programs, expressed in
monetary terms and the relationships between costs and outcomes, expressed
as costs per unit of outcome achieved.
Evaluation Synthesis
is an appropriate method when evaluation questions have been previously
addressed with substantial research. Researchers aggregate the findings from
many individual studies in order to provide a conclusion more credible than
any single study. This approach is most useful when the field of knowledge
has reached an extensive enough state that data are available to make major
conclusions.
Prospective Evaluations
use methods to deal with forward looking, future-oriented evaluation
questions, in contrast to the retrospective approaches previously discussed
which explore what happened in the past.
Each of these types of evaluations can employ a number of research methods
such as quantitative analysis using program or survey data or qualitative
analysis from observations or interviews.
In addition to developing and implementing evaluation studies, PEIS staff
are available to consult on the type of evaluation to undertake and the
design of the evaluation. Trained evaluators possess interdisciplinary
skills in evaluation, quantitative and qualitative research methods,
economics, management, public policy, writing, and interpersonal
communication. They can serve as program consultants, group facilitators,
observers, statisticians, writers, and trainers.
* See U.S.D.A
<http://www.fsis.usda.gov/regulations_&_policies/Program_Evaluation/index.asp>